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Rhinoceros | |
---|---|
Indian rhinoceros (R. unicornis) | |
Javan rhinoceros (R. sondaicus) | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Perissodactyla |
Family: | Rhinocerotidae |
Tribe: | Rhinocerotini |
Genus: | Rhinoceros Linnaeus, 1758 |
Species |
Rhinoceros is a genus comprising one-horned rhinoceroses. This scientific name was proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[1] The genus contains two species, the Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and the Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus). Although both members are endangered, the Javan rhinoceros is one of the most endangered large mammals in the world with only 60 individuals surviving in Java (Indonesia). A fossil jawbone of an extinct species, Rhinoceros philippinensis, was found in the Philippines. The word 'rhinoceros' is of Greek origin meaning 'nose-horn'.
- Traits Charge: If the rhinoceros moves at least 20 ft. Straight toward a target and then hits it with a gore attack on the same turn, the target takes an extra 9 (2d8) bludgeoning damage. If the target is a creature, it must succeed on a DC 15 Strength saving throw or be knocked prone. Actions Gore: Melee Weapon Attack: +7 to hit, reach 5 ft.
- The rhinoceros is infamous for its bad temper and willingness to charge intruders. The statistics presented here are based on the African black rhino, which is 6 to 14 feet long, 3 to 6 feet high at the shoulder, and weighs up to 6,000 pounds.
Classification[edit]
The genus Rhinoceros comprises: Dm1 the drum machine 3 0.
- Indian rhinoceros (R. unicornis) Linnaeus, 1758[1]
- Javan rhinoceros (R. sondaicus) Desmarest, 1822[2]
- †R. hemitoxhus
- †R. leptorhinus[3]
- †R. philippinensis described by von Koenigswald in 1956 were fossil remains found in Cagayan province of the Philippines.[4]
- †R. platyrhinusFalconer and Cautley 1847 syn PunjabitheriumKhan (1971)Upper Siwaliks, Early Pleistocene to early Middle Pleistocene, India. Largest species in the genus[5]
- †R. sinensis[6]wastebasket taxon[7] used to refer to rhinoceros material from the Pleistocene of China, various specimens belong to other Rhinoceros species, Dicerorhinus and Stephanorhinus.[8]
Etymology[edit]
The genus name Rhinoceros is a combination of the ancient Greek words ῥίς (ris) meaning 'nose' and κέρας (keras) meaning 'horn of an animal'.[9][10]
References[edit]
- ^ abLinnæus, C. (1758). 'Rhinoceros unicornis'. Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Holmiae: Salvius. p. 56.
- ^Desmarest, A. G. (1822). 'Rhinocéros des Îles de La Sonde'. Mammalogie, ou, Description des espèces de mammifères. 2. Paris: Mme Agasse. pp. 399–400.
- ^Brandt, J. F. (1877). 'Versuch einer Monographie der Tichorhinen Nashörner nebst Bemerkungen über Rhinoсеrоs leptorhinus. Cuv. U. S. W.'Мémoires l'académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 7 série, tome 24, number 4.
- ^von Koenigswald, G. H. R. (1956). 'Fossil mammals from the Philippines'. Proceedings of the Fourth Far-Eastern Prehistory and the Anthropology Division of the 8th Pacific Science Congresses Combined. Part 1: Prehistory, Archaeology and Physical Anthropology (Second Fascicle, Section 1): 339–369.
- ^Pandolfi, Luca; Maiorino, Leonardo (2016-02-06). 'Reassessment of the largest Pleistocene rhinocerotine Rhinoceros platyrhinus (Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae) from the Upper Siwaliks (Siwalik Hills, India)'(PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1071266. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1071266. ISSN0272-4634.
- ^Schepartz, L. A.; Miller-Antonio, S. (2010). 'Taphonomy, life history, and human exploitation of Rhinoceros sinensis at the Middle Pleistocene site of Panxian Dadong, Guizhou, China'. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 20 (3): 253–268. doi:10.1002/oa.1025.
- ^Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (March 2012). 'Pleistocene and Holocene rhinocerotids (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Indochinese Peninsula'. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 11 (2–3): 159–168. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2011.03.002.
- ^Tong, Hao-wen (November 2012). 'Evolution of the non-Coelodonta dicerorhine lineage in China'. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 11 (8): 555–562. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2012.06.002.
- ^Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1940). 'ῥίς'. A Greek-English Lexicon (Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- ^Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1940). 'κέρᾳ'. A Greek-English Lexicon (Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhinoceros. |
Wikispecies has information related to Rhinoceros. |
Developer(s) | Robert McNeel & Associates |
---|---|
Stable release | |
Operating system | Microsoft Windows, macOS |
Available in | Multilingual |
Type | 3D computer graphics, Computer-aided design |
License | Proprietary |
Website | rhino3d.com |
Rhinoceros (typically abbreviated Rhino or Rhino3D) is a commercial3D computer graphics and computer-aided design (CAD) application software developed by Robert McNeel & Associates, an American, privately held, employee-owned company founded in 1980. Rhinoceros geometry is based on the NURBS mathematical model, which focuses on producing mathematically precise representation of curves and freeform surfaces in computer graphics (as opposed to polygon mesh-based applications).
Rhinoceros is used in processes of computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), rapid prototyping, 3D printing and reverse engineering in industries including architecture, industrial design (e.g. automotive design, watercraft design), product design (e.g. jewelry design) as well as for multimedia and graphic design.[2]
Rhinoceros is developed for the Microsoft Windows operating system and macOS. A visual scripting language add-on for Rhino, Grasshopper, is developed by Robert McNeel & Associates.
Overview[edit]
Characteristics[edit]
Rhinoceros 5 5 32
Rhinoceros is primarily a free form surface modeler that utilizes the NURBS mathematical model. Rhinoceros's application architecture and open SDK make it modular and enable the user to customize the interface and create custom commands and menus. There are dozens of plug-ins available from both McNeel and other software companies that complement and expand Rhinoceros's capabilities in specific fields, such as rendering and animation, architecture, marine, jewelry, engineering, prototyping, and others.[3]
File format[edit]
The Rhinoceros file format (.3DM) is useful for the exchange of NURBS geometry. The Rhino developers started the openNURBS Initiative to provide computer graphics software developers the tools to accurately transfer 3-D geometry between applications. An open-source toolkit, openNURBS includes the 3DM file format specification, documentation, C++ source code libraries and .NET 2.0 assemblies to read and write the file format, on supported platforms – Windows, Windows x64, Mac, and Linux.
Compatibility[edit]
Rhinoceros offers compatibility with other software as it supports over 30 CAD file formats for importing and exporting.[4]
The following CAD and image file formats are natively supported (without use of external plug-ins):
- DWG/DXF (AutoCAD 200x, 14, 13, and 12)
- SolidWorks SLDPRT and SLDASM
- SAT (ACIS, export only)
- RIB
- UDO
- CSV (export properties and hydrostatics)
The following CAD file formats are supported with use of external plug-ins:[5]
- CGR
When opening CAD file formats not in its native .3dm file format, Rhinoceros will convert the geometry into its native format; when importing a CAD file, the geometry is added to the current file.
When AutoDesk AutoCAD's file format changes (see DWG file format for more information), the Open Design Alliance reverse engineers the file format to allow these files to be loaded by other vendors' software. Rhinoceros's import and export modules are actually plug-ins so they can be easily updated via a service release. Rhinoceros Service Releases (SR) are frequent and freely downloadable. Rhinoceros 5 SR10 can import and export DWG/DXF file formats up to version 2014.
Rhinoceros is also compatible with a number of graphic design-based programs. Among them is Adobe Illustrator. This method is best when working with a vector-based file. The user starts by saving the file, then, when prompted, saves as Adobe Illustrator (*ai). From there, the user is able to control the vectors created in Rhinoceros, which can be enhanced further in Adobe Illustrator.
3D printing[edit]
Dash 4 0 3 download free. Rhinoceros 3D relies on a few plug-ins that facilitate 3D printing [6][7] and allows the export of .STL and .OBJ file formats, both of which are supported by numerous 3D printers and 3D printing services.
Scripting and programming[edit]
Rhinoceros supports two scripting languages, Rhinoscript (based on VBScript) and Python (V5.0+ and Mac). It also has an SDK, and a complete plug-in system. One McNeel plug-in, a parametric modeling/visual programming tool called Grasshopper, has attracted many architects to Rhinoceros due to its ease of use and ability to create complex algorithmic structures.[8]
See also[edit]
Rhinoceros 5 5 325
Developer(s) | Robert McNeel & Associates |
---|---|
Stable release | |
Operating system | Microsoft Windows, macOS |
Available in | Multilingual |
Type | 3D computer graphics, Computer-aided design |
License | Proprietary |
Website | rhino3d.com |
Rhinoceros (typically abbreviated Rhino or Rhino3D) is a commercial3D computer graphics and computer-aided design (CAD) application software developed by Robert McNeel & Associates, an American, privately held, employee-owned company founded in 1980. Rhinoceros geometry is based on the NURBS mathematical model, which focuses on producing mathematically precise representation of curves and freeform surfaces in computer graphics (as opposed to polygon mesh-based applications).
Rhinoceros is used in processes of computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), rapid prototyping, 3D printing and reverse engineering in industries including architecture, industrial design (e.g. automotive design, watercraft design), product design (e.g. jewelry design) as well as for multimedia and graphic design.[2]
Rhinoceros is developed for the Microsoft Windows operating system and macOS. A visual scripting language add-on for Rhino, Grasshopper, is developed by Robert McNeel & Associates.
Overview[edit]
Characteristics[edit]
Rhinoceros 5 5 32
Rhinoceros is primarily a free form surface modeler that utilizes the NURBS mathematical model. Rhinoceros's application architecture and open SDK make it modular and enable the user to customize the interface and create custom commands and menus. There are dozens of plug-ins available from both McNeel and other software companies that complement and expand Rhinoceros's capabilities in specific fields, such as rendering and animation, architecture, marine, jewelry, engineering, prototyping, and others.[3]
File format[edit]
The Rhinoceros file format (.3DM) is useful for the exchange of NURBS geometry. The Rhino developers started the openNURBS Initiative to provide computer graphics software developers the tools to accurately transfer 3-D geometry between applications. An open-source toolkit, openNURBS includes the 3DM file format specification, documentation, C++ source code libraries and .NET 2.0 assemblies to read and write the file format, on supported platforms – Windows, Windows x64, Mac, and Linux.
Compatibility[edit]
Rhinoceros offers compatibility with other software as it supports over 30 CAD file formats for importing and exporting.[4]
The following CAD and image file formats are natively supported (without use of external plug-ins):
- DWG/DXF (AutoCAD 200x, 14, 13, and 12)
- SolidWorks SLDPRT and SLDASM
- SAT (ACIS, export only)
- RIB
- UDO
- CSV (export properties and hydrostatics)
The following CAD file formats are supported with use of external plug-ins:[5]
- CGR
When opening CAD file formats not in its native .3dm file format, Rhinoceros will convert the geometry into its native format; when importing a CAD file, the geometry is added to the current file.
When AutoDesk AutoCAD's file format changes (see DWG file format for more information), the Open Design Alliance reverse engineers the file format to allow these files to be loaded by other vendors' software. Rhinoceros's import and export modules are actually plug-ins so they can be easily updated via a service release. Rhinoceros Service Releases (SR) are frequent and freely downloadable. Rhinoceros 5 SR10 can import and export DWG/DXF file formats up to version 2014.
Rhinoceros is also compatible with a number of graphic design-based programs. Among them is Adobe Illustrator. This method is best when working with a vector-based file. The user starts by saving the file, then, when prompted, saves as Adobe Illustrator (*ai). From there, the user is able to control the vectors created in Rhinoceros, which can be enhanced further in Adobe Illustrator.
3D printing[edit]
Dash 4 0 3 download free. Rhinoceros 3D relies on a few plug-ins that facilitate 3D printing [6][7] and allows the export of .STL and .OBJ file formats, both of which are supported by numerous 3D printers and 3D printing services.
Scripting and programming[edit]
Rhinoceros supports two scripting languages, Rhinoscript (based on VBScript) and Python (V5.0+ and Mac). It also has an SDK, and a complete plug-in system. One McNeel plug-in, a parametric modeling/visual programming tool called Grasshopper, has attracted many architects to Rhinoceros due to its ease of use and ability to create complex algorithmic structures.[8]
See also[edit]
Rhinoceros 5 5 325
References[edit]
- ^'Download Rhino 7 for Windows'. Robert McNeel & Associates.
- ^'Rhino 3D 6 for Windows and Mac'. NOVEDGE. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
- ^'Rhinoceros Resources'. rhino3d.com. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
- ^'Index of import/export file types'. Rhinoceros Help. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
- ^Thuilier, Félix. 'Rhino plug-ins to convert, import and export files'. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
- ^'3D Print Button'. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
- ^'3D Hubs 3D Printing plugin for Rhino'. Food4Rhino. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
- ^'AEC Magazine - Rhino Grasshopper'.
External links[edit]
- Official website
- The History of Rhino – notable project milestones.
- Rhinoceros 3D's channel on YouTube
- Food4Rhino – apps for Rhino and Grasshopper.
- Rhino News, etc. – the official blog.